From pre-history to civilization

LO1: Define pre-history, Paleolithic, Neolithic, Fertile Crescent
LO2: Describe the impact of the Agricultural Revolution
LO3: To identify the 5 characteristics of civilization

Pre-history: The time before written record
Paleolithic: (Old Stone Age) development of stone tools
Neolithic: (New Stone Age) was marked by advanced tool making and the beginnings of agriculture
Fertile Crescent: a crescent shaped region in the Middle-east
Agricultural Revolution separated civilizations from each other and advanced civilizations stem from the Agricultural Revolution. This shifted from hunter-gathering to more permanent civilizations that were based on agriculture.
The five characteristics of civilizations are specialized workers, complex institutions, advanced cities, advanced technology, and record keeping.

Human Origins in Africa

Lauren Bullock

1-30-20

CHAPTER₁ 

GUIDED READING Human Origins in Africa 

Section 1 

A. Categorizing As you read about early humans, fill in the chart below by describing the 

physical traits and achievements of each species of hominid listed. 

Name Traits Achievements 

1. Australopithecines- first human-like creature to walk upright, brain size 500 cm3, opposable thumbs. 

2. Homo habilis- brain size 700 cm3, first to make stone tools.

3. Homo erectus- more intelligent and adaptable species, developed technology using intelligence, skillful hunters,first to use fire, beginnings of spoken languages.

4. Neanderthals- brain size 1,450 cm3, first to have ritual burials, heavy slanted brows, well-developed muscles, and thick bones, were resourceful.

5. Cro-Magnons- brain size 1,400 cm3, fully modern humans, created art, identical to modern humans, strong, generally about five-and-one-half feet tall, 

B. Comparing and Contrasting Fill in the chart below to compare the Old Stone Age and the New Stone Age. 

Stone Age Began Ended Achievements 

Paleolithic Age- known as the Ice Age, glaciers alternately advanced and retreated, lasted from about 2.5 million to 8000 B.C., stone chopping tools, 

Neolithic Age-  began about 8000 B.C. and ended as early as 3000 B.C., learned to polish stone tools, raise animals, make pottery, and grow crops, glaciers had retreated to the same area they occupy now.

C. Writing for a Specific Purpose On the back of this paper, explain the work of anthropologists, archaeologists, and paleontologists. Use the following terms in your explanation. 

artifacts culture technology 

Anthropologists study culture or people’s unique way of life. They examine artifacts at archeologists sites. Using them they re-create an image of early-people’s cultural behavior. An archeologist had dig sites where they would look for fossils and artifacts. Paleontologists use complex techniques to date ancient fossil remains and rocks.

The Peopling of the World 1 

A. Summarizing As you read this section, take notes to answer questions about the development of agriculture.

People of the Old Stone Age were nomads who wandered from place to place in search of food

1. How did hunter-gatherers use technology to improve their chances of survival?

They created stone tools to help them.

2. What types of art did Paleolithic people create?

Cave walls of drawings.

About 10,000 years ago, an agricultural revolution began.

3. What factors led to the agricultural revolution?

The women that were gathering food they scattered seeds. When they returned the next season they saw crops growing.

 4. How did farming develop and spread worldwide?

People went from food-gathering to food-producing.

Farming led to a settled way of life.

5. What were some of the cultural achievements of Neolithic villagers?

They domesticated animals for their needs.

6. What problems did early villagers face?

More advancements resulted in more labour for villagers.

B. Identifying Problems and Solutions On the back of this paper explain how stone age peoples used slash-and-burn farming and the domestication of animals to produce a steady source of food.

The ashes created fertilizer for the soil to grow crops. Domesticating animals allowed farmers to have a new food source with them instead of following their food.

GUIDED READING Patterns of Change: Civilization
A. Determining Main Ideas As you read this section, fill in the boxes below. List the social and economic changes that led to the development of cities and the rise of civilization.

Village and town life begin.

1. Economic Changes                                                                        2. Social changes
Stone tools are made                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Languages are developed
Grow crops

cities emerge and grow

3. Economic changes                                                                     4. Social changes
elaborate irrigation systems                                        more complex economy affected the village life
food surplus

Civilizations arise.

B. Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper, explain how Ur typified an ancient civilization. Use the following terms in your explanation. specialization artisans institution scribes cuneiform barter ziggurat
A pyramid-shaped monument is called a ziggurat. roughly how many pots of grain
a farmer must give to buy a jug of wine is a trading system without money is called barter. The more complicated a trade is, requires a scribe. Cuneiform signs are formed on clay tablets. Artisans work in their shops. They had long-lasting pattern of organization in a community which are institutions. They also had different development in certain types of work.

ection 1 Assessment

1.) For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
• artifact- allows scientists to re-create an image of what life was like

• culture- differs other groups from one another by different behaviors

• hominid- they are creatures that walk upright like humans

• Paleolithic Age-stone chopping tools were invented 

• Neolithic Age-polished stone tools 

• technology-tools and inventions were made to meet their needs.

• Homo sapiens- classification of modern human

2.) Using your notes: Which advance by a hominid group do you think was the
most significant? Explain.

The development of languages which allowed people to communicate with one another.

MAIN IDEAS
3.) What clues do bones and artifacts give about early peoples?

They can tell us how life was thousands of years ago

4.) What were the major achievements in human history during the Old Stone Age?

The creation of tools, mastery over fire, and the development of language.

5.) How did Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons differ from earlier peoples?

They were the most related to humans.

What is Economic Liberalism?

LO1: Define Economic Liberalism
LO2: Identify characteristics of "Capitalism"
LO3: Compare capitalism to other economic systems- (communism, socialism)
*Thinking Historically:The Wealth of Nations- 1776

Economic Liberalism is an economic system organized on individual lines, which means the greatest possible number of economic decisions are made by individuals or households then by collective institutions or organizations.
Characteristics of capitalism are capital accumulation, commodity production, private ownership of the means of production, high levels of wage labour, investment of money to create a profit, use of price mechanism to allocate resources of competing uses.
Capitalism allows for private owners and buisnesses to regulate themselves so they keep their own profit. But communism regulates everything like how much each person is paid. Socialism has some regulations but production and distribution is ran by the community.

Liberal Democracy

Essential Question: What is Liberal Democracy?

L01: Define Liberal Democracy

L02: Describe the characteristics of liberal democracies around the world today

L03: Detail the origins of liberal democracy in history

Liberal Democracy is a political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism.

The characteristics of liberal democracies around the world today are fair, free and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties. Power is separated into different branches of the government. Protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties and political freedom for everyone.

The origin of liberal democracy in history was that it started in Europe when mostly everyone was ruled by monarchs that were said to be ordained by God. People argued that everyone is equal and that God would not make others more important than another. The government is there to serve the citizens and the laws should apply to everyone. Many people began to express their disapproval so many documents/agreements were passed for political equality.Many social changes were made as a result of this. Word spread about this throughout Europe. These ideas influenced the American and French Revolution.

What is Western Civilization?

Lo1: Define Western Civilization
Lo2: Identifying and locating "The West"
Lo3: Describe characteristics of the modern Western World

Thinking Historically: Characteristics of the Modern Western World

Western Civilization refers to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe.

The West is a geographical area that people categorize based on a countries characteristics.

“The West” (of WHAT????)- Huntington’s Major World Civilizations Map (Post 1990)

1. Canada
2. United States of America
3. Australia
4. Spain
5. Portugal
6. France
7.  Ireland
8. Iceland
9. United Kingdoms
10. Norway
11. Netherlands
12. Belgium
13. Italy
14. Switzerland
15. Germany
16. Austria
17. Poland
18. Sweden
19. Denmark
20. Croatia
21. Czech Republic

Characteristics of the modern Western World are
1. Liberal Democracy- a liberal political form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberation.

2. Economic Liberalism- an economic system organized on individual lines, meaning the greatest possible number of economic decisions are made by individuals or households rather than by collective institutions or organizations. 

3. Christianity- an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.

4. Separation of Church and State- The principle that government must maintain an attitude of neutrality toward religion.

5. Progress- the movement towards a refined, improved, or otherwise desired state or, in the context of progressivism, the idea that advancements in technology, science, and social organizations can result in an improved human condition.

6. Human rights and guaranteed civil liberties- Civil liberties are freedoms guaranteed to us by the Constitution to protect us from tyranny, Human rights are the legal that protect individuals from discrimination.