Section 1:
- most written records had a roman bias
- no great leaders emerged, no scientific accomplishments were made, no great art was created
- Renaissance scholars called it "the Dark Ages"
- Early Middle Ages in ancient Rome
- Roman concrete was lost, literacy was not high
Section 2:
- Europe lacked a large kingdom, other political structure such as a single centralizing force
- Frankish Emperor Charlemagne
- Medieval Church became most powerful institution within Europe
- Rise of monasticism
- St. Anthony of Egypt movement would rise to its most influential point
- Kings, queens and other rulers got most of their power from the church
- Gregory the Great (pope)-monarchs could not monopolize power
Section 3:
- Christian monasteries encouraged literacy and learning
- Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries
- Protestant Reformation in 16th century
- Clergy repressed intellectual progress in favor of religious piety
- Monk Benedict of Nursia (480-543) founded the great monastery of Montecassino
- becoming the model for most Western monasteries
Section 4:
- invention of the heavy plough
- more fertile clay soil deep in the earth
- the horse collar
- placed around a horse’s neck and shoulders to distribute weight and protect the animal when pulling a wagon or plough
- Horses powerful and effective rather than oxen
- Horse collar boosted agriculture and transportation
- use of metal horseshoes
- Medieval Warm Period
Section 5:
- medieval Christian church suppressed natural scientists
- prohibited autopsies and dissections
- halting all scientific progress
- laid foundations for future advances
- Islamic world leaped ahead in mathematics and the sciences
- Persian astronomer and mathematician al-Khwarizmi (c. 780-c. 850), introduced algebra
- first systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations
- algorithm
Section 6:
- Karl a son of Pepin the Short
- Karl assumed complete control
- historic reign as Charlemagne (or Charles the Great)
- Over 50 military campaigns
- forces fought Muslims in Spain, Bavarians and Saxons in northern Germany and Lombards in Italy
- expanded Frankish empire
- Representative of the first Germanic tribe that practiced Catholicism
- Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne “emperor of the Romans”
- strong centralized state
- standard handwriting script, known as Carolingian minuscule
- cases and spacing between words
- production of books and other documents
- Carolingian dynasty had dissolved
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